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<title>Roderick Chisholm</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roderick Chisholm</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Roderick Chisholm, see <a href="Roderick_Chisholm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roderick Chisholm (disambiguation)">Roderick Chisholm (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Roderick Chisholm</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Chisholm, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Roderick Milton Chisholm</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-11-27</span>)</span>November 27, 1916<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="North_Attleboro%2C_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="North Attleboro, Massachusetts">North Attleboro, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 19, 1999<span style="display:none">(1999-01-19)</span> (aged 82)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Providence%2C_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="United_States" title="United States">American</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Education</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a><br><a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Basic Propositions of the Theory of Knowledge</i> (1942)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C._I._Lewis" title="C. I. Lewis">C. I. Lewis</a>, <a href="Donald_Cary_Williams" title="Donald Cary Williams">D. C. Williams</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Philosophical work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Richard_Cartwright_(philosopher)" title="Richard Cartwright (philosopher)">Richard Cartwright</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Dale_Jacquette" title="Dale Jacquette">Dale Jacquette</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Charles_Taliaferro" title="Charles Taliaferro">Charles Taliaferro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Dean_Zimmerman_(philosopher)" title="Dean Zimmerman (philosopher)">Dean Zimmerman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Richard_Clyde_Taylor" title="Richard Clyde Taylor">Richard Clyde Taylor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a><br><a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Direct_attribution_theory_of_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct attribution theory of reference">Direct attribution theory of reference</a>, <a href="Contrary-to-fact_conditional" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrary-to-fact conditional">contrary-to-fact conditional</a>, <a href="Latitudinarianism_(philosophy)" title="Latitudinarianism (philosophy)">latitudinarianism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Roderick Milton Chisholm</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</span></span> <i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">CHIZ</span>-əm</i>; November 27, 1916 – January 19, 1999)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="American_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="American philosopher">American philosopher</a> known for his work on <a href="Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, <a href="Value_theory" title="Value theory">value theory</a>, <a href="Deontology" title="Deontology">deontology</a>, <a href="Deontic_logic" title="Deontic logic">deontic logic</a> and the <a href="Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">philosophy of perception</a>.

</p><p>Richard and <a href="Fred_Feldman" title="Fred Feldman">Fred Feldman</a>, writing in the <i><a href="Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, remark that he "is widely regarded as one of the most creative, productive, and influential American philosophers of the 20th Century."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2></div>

<p>Chisholm graduated from <a href="Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in 1938 and received his <a href="Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> at <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1942 under <a href="Clarence_Irving_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Irving Lewis">Clarence Irving Lewis</a> and <a href="Donald_Cary_Williams" title="Donald Cary Williams">D. C. Williams</a>. He was drafted into the <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in July 1942 and did basic training at <a href="Fort_McClellan" title="Fort McClellan">Fort McClellan</a> in <a href="Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. Chisholm administered <a href="Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> tests in <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>. In 1943 he married Eleanor Parker, whom he had met as an undergraduate at Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent his academic career at <a href="Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> and served as president of the <a href="Metaphysical_Society_of_America" title="Metaphysical Society of America">Metaphysical Society of America</a> in 1973.

</p><p>He was editor of <i><a href="Philosophy_and_Phenomenological_Research" title="Philosophy and Phenomenological Research">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a></i> from 1980 until 1986.

</p><p>Chisholm trained many distinguished philosophers, including <a href="Selmer_Bringsjord" title="Selmer Bringsjord">Selmer Bringsjord</a>, <a href="Fred_Feldman_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Feldman (philosopher)">Fred Feldman</a>, <a href="Keith_Lehrer" title="Keith Lehrer">Keith Lehrer</a>, <a href="James_Francis_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="James Francis Ross">James Francis Ross</a>, <a href="Richard_Clyde_Taylor" title="Richard Clyde Taylor">Richard Taylor</a>, and <a href="Dean_Zimmerman_(philosopher)" title="Dean Zimmerman (philosopher)">Dean Zimmerman</a>. He also had a significant influence on many colleagues, including <a href="Jaegwon_Kim" title="Jaegwon Kim">Jaegwon Kim</a> and <a href="Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2></div>

<p>Chisholm's first major work was <i>Perceiving</i> (1957). His epistemological views were summed up in a popular text, <i>Theory of Knowledge</i>, which appeared in three very different editions (1966, 1977, and 1989). His masterwork was <i>Person and Object</i>, its title deliberately contrasting with <a href="W._V._O._Quine" class="mw-redirect" title="W. V. O. Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a>'s <i><a href="Word_and_Object" title="Word and Object">Word and Object</a></i>. Chisholm was a metaphysical <a href="Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonist">Platonist</a> in the tradition of <a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, and a <a href="Rationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist">rationalist</a> in the tradition of Russell, <a href="G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a>, and <a href="Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a>; he objected to Quine's <a href="Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">anti-realism</a>, <a href="Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, and <a href="Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a>.

</p><p>Chisholm defended the possibility of <a href="Empirical_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical knowledge">empirical knowledge</a> by appeal to <i><a href="A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a></i> epistemic principles whose consequences include that it is more reasonable to trust your senses and memory in most situations than to doubt them. His theory of knowledge was also famously "foundationalist" in character: all justified beliefs are either "directly evident" or supported by chains of <a href="Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">justified</a> <a href="Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> that ultimately lead to beliefs that are directly <a href="Evidence" title="Evidence">evident</a>. He also defended a controversial theory of <a href="Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">volition</a> called "agent causation" much like that of <a href="Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a>. He argued that <a href="Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> is incompatible with <a href="Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>, and believed that we do act freely; this combination of views is known as <a href="Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">libertarianism</a>.

</p><p>He developed a highly original theory of first person thought according to which the things we believe are <a href="Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">properties</a>, and believing them is a matter of self-attributing them. (A similar view was developed independently by <a href="David_Kellogg_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kellogg Lewis">David Kellogg Lewis</a>, and enjoys considerable popularity, although it is now known mainly through Lewis's work.) Chisholm was also famous for defending the possibility of robust self-knowledge (against the <a href="Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skeptical</a> arguments of <a href="David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>), and an objective ethics of requirements similar to that of <a href="W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">W. D. Ross</a>. Chisholm's other books include <i>The Problem of the Criterion</i>, <i>Perceiving</i>, <i>The First Person</i> and <i>A Realist Theory of the Categories</i>, though his numerous journal articles are probably better known than any of these.

</p><p>Chisholm read widely in the <a href="History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">history of philosophy</a>, and frequently referred to the work of <a href="Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a>, <a href="Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a>, <a href="Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a>, and even <a href="Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a> philosophers (although the use he made of this material has sometimes been challenged). Nonetheless, he greatly respected the history of philosophy, in the face of a prevailing indifference among <a href="Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a> philosophers. Chisholm translated some work by Brentano and by Husserl, and contributed to the post-1970 renaissance of <a href="Mereology" title="Mereology">mereology</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_attribution_theory_of_reference">Direct attribution theory of reference</h3></div>

<p>Chisholm argued for the primacy of the <a href="Mind" title="Mind">mental</a> over <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> <a href="Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a>, as suggested in the title of <i>Person and Object</i> (1976) that was deliberately contrasted with Quine's <i>Word and Object</i> (1960). In this regard, he defended the <b>direct attribution theory of reference</b> in <i>The First Person</i> (1981). He argues that we refer to things other than ourselves by indirectly attributing properties to them, and that we indirectly or relatively attribute properties to them by directly attributing properties to ourselves. Suppose the following bed scene:

</p>

<dl><dd>(1) a man M is in bed B with a woman W, namely, M-B-W, or</dd>

<dd>(2) a woman W is in bed B with a man M, namely, W-B-M.</dd></dl>

<p>If I were M and "U" were W, then I could directly attribute to myself the property (1) or M-B-W, while indirectly to "U" the property (2) or W-B-M, <i>thereby referring to "U"</i>. That is, to say (1) is <i>relatively</i> to say (2), or to explicate M-B-W is to implicate W-B-M.

</p><p>His idea of indirect attribution (1981) is relevant to <a href="John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a>'s "<a href="Speech_act#Indirect_speech_acts" title="Speech act">indirect speech act</a>" (1975) and <a href="Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a>'s "<a href="Implicature" title="Implicature">implicature</a>" (1975), in addition to <a href="Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">entailment</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Chisholming"">"Chisholming"</h3></div>

<p>Stylistically, Chisholm was known for formulating definitions and subsequently revising them in the light of counterexamples. This led to a joke definition of a new verb:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>chisholm, v. To make repeated small alterations in a definition or example. "He started with definition (d.8) and kept chisholming away at it until he ended up with (d.8′′′′′′′′)."</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— <a href="Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> and Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophicallexicon.com/"><i>The Philosophical Lexicon</i></a>, 2008</p></div>

<p>While intended as a joke, the term has found some use in serious philosophical papers (for example, Kevin Meeker's "Chisholming away at Plantinga's critique of epistemic <a href="Deontology" title="Deontology">deontology</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistence_and_identity">Persistence and identity</h3></div>

<p>In his book <i>Person and Object</i> (1976),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chisholm endorses a mereological essentialism for everyday objects such as tables and chairs. He distinguishes two ways of thinking about the identity of such objects and how they may lose or gain parts over time: a "strict philosophical sense" and a "loose sense." In a strict philosophical sense, we must say that everyday vulgar objects do not persist through even the slightest change of parts. This is a strict <a href="Mereological_essentialism" title="Mereological essentialism">mereological essentialist</a> view. If any part of an everyday or 'vulgar' object is lost or gained over time, the object would cease to exist. (See Chisholm's Stanford Encyclopedia entry for more about vulgar objects).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object from before is now a new and different one. Chisholm argues that these vulgar objects persist through time only in a philosophically loose sense. If we consider these objects carefully, they are better understood as merely feigning identity, what Chisholm calls "ontological parasites" or <i>ens per alio.</i> If we consider a table in which we change out individual parts each day for a week, we may, at the end of the week, say there has only been one table in front of us; however, this is only the loose way of talking. The single 'table' we are referring to in that sentence is really only (Chisholm borrowing a phrase from Hume) a 'succession of related objects.' The single "table" we refer to plays loose with identity. In a strict philosophical sense, if the table has had seven changes to its parts, there have been seven different tables. We may innocently discuss much of the world around us as persisting through change in the loose sense, but when we consider strict philosophical puzzles, we must not be fooled by ontological parasites.

</p><p>Chisholm considers this theory with the famous philosophical puzzle of <a href="Ship_of_Theseus" title="Ship of Theseus">The Ship of Theseus</a>. According to mereological essentialism, once a single plank of the ship is removed, the ship has become a different object. We may continue to talk about the Ship of Theseus as if it persisted, but this would only be in the loose sense discussed above. Chisholm solves the puzzle by saying that, in the strict and philosophical sense, there is no persistence between the mereologically different objects. Note the possible implication for the "reconstructed ship" that is often a part of the thought experiment. If every single part of the original ship were saved perfectly, so that they were materially identical and rebuilt next to the new ship, Chisholm's mereological essentialism may lead him to agree that this is <i>the</i> original Ship of Theseus.

</p><p>However, Chisholm's mereological essentialism does not extend to persons. Persons, unlike everyday vulgar material objects like ships and tables, persist in the strict and philosophical sense, even when they change their parts. This runs counter to his mereological essentialism in vulgar objects. He provides various arguments for why there is such a dividing line between the two and why persons are special. One argument is from the first hand experience of the unity of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that these evidences, first person reporting and consciousness, are strong and should be innocent until proven guilty. He offers thought experiments as evidence including the surgery example and the use of Leibniz's law (<a href="Identity_of_indiscernibles" title="Identity of indiscernibles">identity of indiscernibles</a>).

</p><p>

The surgery thought experiment (attributed to <a href="Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>) runs like this. Imagine you could save a substantial amount of money by undergoing surgery without an anesthesia. Instead, you will be given drugs afterwards that cause amnesia of the whole experience. You ask your friends and family what to do and they encourage you to skip the anesthesia and save the money. They have come up with a solution to help you avoid the pain of undergoing the surgery fully aware: </p><blockquote><p>"Have no fear,” they will say. “Take the cheaper operation and we will take care of everything. We will lay down the convention that the man on the table is not you, Jones, but is Smith.” What <i>ought</i> to be obvious to you, it seems to me, is that the laying down of this convention should have no effect at all upon your decision. For you may still ask, “But won’t that person be I?” and, it seems to me, the question has an answer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Chisholm's point is that our identity and persistence as person is not like the mere convention of the loose persistence of vulgar objects. Regardless of the convention, you will still experience the pain of the surgery. This is meant to strengthen his position that person's have strict philosophical persistence and are <i>ens per se</i> and not merely <i>ens per alio.</i> Persons are entities in themselves; vulgar objects are merely entities through another, or by entities by mere convention. Hence, if this thought experiment provides the intuition that we are not mere conventions, then mereological essentialism must be false for persons.

</p><p>A second thought experiment is modal. It asks whether I, as a person, can persist with my identity through the loss of a hand.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The answer according to first person reporting and the experience of consciousness is yes. If I have survived the loss of my hand (a mereological part) then mereological essentialism cannot hold for persons. This applies to Leibniz's Law in the following way. If my body were identical to its collection of parts then the collection of parts could not survive the loss of my hand. Leibniz's Law therefore implies that either I must not merely be the collection of parts that was my body or I am no longer myself. The evidence of consciousness rules out the latter; therefore, mereological essentialism must be false for persons. If mereological essentialism held for persons, then I would have been annihilated along with my hand.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Perceiving: A Philosophical Study</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), 1957.</li>

<li><i>Realism and the Background of Phenomenology</i> (Free Press), 1960.</li>

<li>Chisholm delivered the <i>Lindley Lecture</i> at the <a href="University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> on 23 April 1964, on "human freedom and the self".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lindley Lecture Series was instituted at the university in memory of Ernest H. Lindley, who was Chancellor there from 1920 to 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study</i> (London: G. Allen & Unwin), 1976.</li>

<li><i>Essays on the Philosophy of Roderick M. Chisholm</i> (ed. R.M. Chisholm and Ernest Sosa. Amsterdam: Rodopi), 1979.</li>

<li><i>The First Person: An Essay on Reference and Intentionality</i> (Minneapolis: <a href="University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>), 1981.</li>

<li><i>The Foundations of Knowing</i> (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), 1982.</li>

<li><i>Brentano and Meinong Studies</i> (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press), 1982.</li>

<li><i>Brentano and Intrinsic Value</i> (New York: Cambridge University Press), 1986.</li>

<li><i>Roderick M. Chisholm</i> (ed. Radu J. Bogdan. Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company), 1986.</li>

<li><i>On Metaphysics</i> (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), 1989.</li>

<li><i>Theory of Knowledge</i> (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall), 1st ed. 1966, 2nd ed. 1977, 3rd ed. 1989.</li>

<li>"The Nature of Epistemic Principles", <i>Noûs</i> 24: 209–16, 1990.</li>

<li>"On the Simplicity of the Soul", <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 5: 157–81, 1991.</li>

<li>"Agents, Causes, and Events: The Problem of Free Will" in: Timothy O'Connor, ed. <i>Agents, Causes, and Events: Essays on Indeterminism and Free Will</i> (New York: Oxford University Press): 95–100, 1995.</li>

<li><i>A Realistic Theory of Categories: An Essay on Ontology</i> (New York: Cambridge University Press), 1996.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_American_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Shook (ed.), <i>Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers</i>, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005, p. 444.</span>

</li>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRescher" class="citation web cs1">Rescher, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alws.at/alws_news/obituary-dale-jacquette/">"Obituary, Dale Jacquette"</a>. <i>Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/theses/theses.php?task=search&id=13362">"Taliaferro, Charles"</a>. <i>Brown University Theses and Dissertations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/theses/theses.php?task=search&id=15074">"Zimmerman, Dean Wallace"</a>. <i>Brown University Theses and Dissertations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers</i> (2005), p. 475.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanFeldman2021" class="citation cs2">Feldman, Richard; <a href="Fred_Feldman" title="Fred Feldman">Feldman, Fred</a> (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/chisholm/">"Roderick Chisholm"</a>, in <a href="Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a>; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), <i><a href="The_Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Summer 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1997" class="citation book cs1">Chisholm, Roderick (1997). "My Philosophical Development". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofrode0000chi"><i>The philosophy of Roderick M. Chisholm</i></a></span>. Chicago: Open Court. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8126-9357-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman, Richard and Feldman, Fred, "Roderick Chisholm", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/chisholm/">http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2008/entries/chisholm/</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Meeker. Chisholming away at Plantinga's critique of epistemic deontology. <i>Australasian Journal of Philosophy</i>. Volume 76, Issue 1, 1998, pp. 90-96</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1976" class="citation book cs1">Chisholm, Roderick (1976). <i>Person and Object</i>. Open Court.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1991" class="citation journal cs1">Chisholm, Roderick (1991). "On the Simplicity of the Soul". <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">157–</span>181. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2214094">10.2307/2214094</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2214094">2214094</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, R. M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/12380/Human%20Freedom%20and%20the%20Self-1964.pdf">Human Freedom and the Self</a>, University of Kansas, accessed 9 February 2024</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Kansas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/11682">Lindley Lecture Series</a>, accessed 9 February 2024</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>Hahn, L. E., ed., 1997. <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofrode0000chi" class="extiw external" title="iarchive:philosophyofrode0000chi">The Philosophy of Roderick Chisholm</a></i> (The Library of Living Philosophers). Open Court. Includes an autobiographical essay and a complete bibliography.</li>

<li>"Roderick M. Chisholm" (<a href="Dean_Zimmerman_(philosopher)" title="Dean Zimmerman (philosopher)">Dean Zimmerman</a>, <a href="Richard_Foley_(philosopher)" title="Richard Foley (philosopher)">Richard Foley</a>), in Companion to Analytic Philosophy, ed. by <a href="David_Sosa" title="David Sosa">David Sosa</a> and Al Martinich (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2001), pp. 281–295</li>

<li>"On the Simplicity of the Soul," <i>Philosophical Perspectives</i> 5: 157–81, 1991.</li>

<li><i>Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study</i> (London: G. Allen & Unwin), 1976.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanFeldman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Feldman, Richard; Feldman, Fred. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chisholm/">"Roderick Chisholm"</a>. In <a href="Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/chisholm/">Information Philosopher on Roderick Chisholm on Free Will</a></li>

<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305123343/http://rocket.csusb.edu/~mld/Chisholm2.pdf">On Roderick M. Chisholm</a>" by Matthew Davidson (preprint of article published in <i><a href="Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a></i>]</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/faculty/documents/chisholm.pdf">"CHISHOLM, RODERICK M."</a> by Richard Foley (preprint of entry in the <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Cabanis - Destutt de Tracy</i>)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/roderick-chisholm-epistemology/">Chisholm: Epistemology</a>, <i><a href="Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Analytic_philosophy173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas of focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li>

<li><a href="Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Aretaic</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Performativity" title="Performativity">Performative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_logic" title="Classical logic">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Deviant_logic" title="Deviant logic">Deviant</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-classical_logic" title="Non-classical logic">Non-classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraconsistent_logic" title="Paraconsistent logic">Paraconsistent</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical</a></li>

<li><a href="First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">Predicate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li>

<li><a href="Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language</a></li>

<li><a href="Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li>

<li><a href="Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Scientific structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense data</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic theology</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a> (<a href="Paradox_of_analysis" title="Paradox of analysis">paradox of analysis</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">Counterfactual</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_kind" title="Natural kind">Natural kind</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflective_equilibrium" title="Reflective equilibrium">Reflective equilibrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervenience" title="Supervenience">Supervenience</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Modality33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actualism" title="Actualism">Actualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_possibility" title="Logical possibility">Possibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">Realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Rigid_designator" title="Rigid designator">Rigid designator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Keith_Donnellan" title="Keith Donnellan">Keith Donnellan</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li>

<li><a href="Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a></li>

<li><a href="Russ_Shafer-Landau" title="Russ Shafer-Landau">Russ Shafer-Landau</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li>

<li><a href="Barry_Stroud" title="Barry Stroud">Barry Stroud</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Australian_realism" title="Australian realism">Australian realism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">David Malet Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li>

<li><a href="J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li>

<li><a href="J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arif_Ahmed_(philosopher)" title="Arif Ahmed (philosopher)">Arif Ahmed</a></li>

<li><a href="C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">Charlie Broad</a></li>

<li><a href="Casimir_Lewy" title="Casimir Lewy">Casimir Lewy</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Malcolm" title="Norman Malcolm">Norman Malcolm</a></li>

<li><a href="G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li>

<li><a href="Graham_Priest" title="Graham Priest">Graham Priest</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_P._Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank P. Ramsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Oxford</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li>

<li><a href="J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li>

<li><a href="Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li>

<li><a href="Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li>

<li><a href="P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Ernest Nagel</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Berlin_Circle" title="Berlin Circle">Berlin Circle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li>

<li><a href="Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li>

<li><a href="Moritz_Schlick" title="Moritz Schlick">Moritz Schlick</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Waismann" title="Friedrich Waismann">Friedrich Waismann</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harvard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li>

<li><a href="Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li>

<li><a href="Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li>

<li><a href="Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notre Dame</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pittsburgh_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh School">Pittsburgh School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Robert_Brandom" title="Robert Brandom">Robert Brandom</a></li>

<li><a href="Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Adolf Grünbaum">Adolf Grünbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Millikan" title="Ruth Millikan">Ruth Millikan</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li>

<li><a href="Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Pragmatism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li>

<li><a href="Morton_White" title="Morton White">Morton White</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Princeton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaegwon_Kim" title="Jaegwon Kim">Jaegwon Kim</a></li>

<li><a href="Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_Salmon" title="Nathan Salmon">Nathan Salmon</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_F._Conant" title="James F. Conant">James F. Conant</a></li>

<li><a href="Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li>

<li><a href="Cora_Diamond" title="Cora Diamond">Cora Diamond</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li>

<li><a href="Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stanford_School" title="Stanford School">Stanford School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nancy_Cartwright_(philosopher)" title="Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)">Nancy Cartwright</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Dupr%C3%A9" title="John Dupré">John Dupré</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Galison" title="Peter Galison">Peter Galison</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lw%C3%B3w%E2%80%93Warsaw_school" title="Lwów–Warsaw school">Lwow–Warsaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:chisholm.roderick-m">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/190055">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1236847">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118520474.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118520474">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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